International Migration of the Older Generation: Global and Russian Trends
Research Article
Acknowledgments
The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences according to the research project No. 21-511-92001.
How to Cite
Nioradze G.V. International Migration of the Older Generation: Global and Russian Trends. DEMIS. Demographic Research. 2021. Vol. 1. No. 4. P. 43-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/demis.2021.1.4.4 (in Russ.).
Abstract
The subject of this research is the international migration of the elderly (global and Russian trends). This topic is of particular relevance due to the fact that the elderly people make up 17% of international migrants (2019). In addition, older migration is at the intersection of four demographic “megatrends” - population aging, migration, population growth and urbanization. In addition, the international emigration of elderly Russians is practically not studied in the domestic literature. The hypothesis of the study is the assumption of the aging of international migration flows in accordance with the trend of demographic aging. Research method - secondary data analysis. The main empirical base is the data of the UN and Rosstat. Global statistics show that while the number of older migrants has increased, the proportion of older people has not changed. Thus, the hypothesis was not confirmed, which gives grounds to draw the following conclusion: migration lags behind aging. This is due to the weak mobilization and adaptive potential of the older generation. Russian statistics make it possible to single out 4 thousand people over the working age who moved abroad in 2019 (not including the CIS countries). The most popular destinations are Germany, Georgia. In conclusion, it examines the risks (negative impact on the labor potential of the country, etc.) and opportunities (rejuvenation of the age structure, reduction in age discrimination) for Russia in the context of the emigration of the elderly population. Analysis of the existing indices of active longevity showed the absence of migration as an indicator of activity, which significantly distorts this index. The direction of future research is to study the migration of Russian pensioners in the countries of Southeast Asia and China.
Keywords:
migration, international migration, emigration, population aging, pensioners, older generation, emigration risks, active ageing index
References
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4. Efremov I. A. Vozrastnyye osobennosti migratsionnykh protsessov na Kraynem Severe Rossii [Age features of migration processes in the Far North of Russia]. Demoscope Weekly. 2014. No. 581–582. Pp. 54–62. (In Russ.)
5. Mkrtchyan N. V. Age Structure of Russia’s Population and its Influence on Internal Migration. Nauchnyye trudy: Institut narodnokhozyaystvennogo prognozirovaniya RAN [Scientific papers: Institute for Economic Forecasting RAS]. 2015. Vol. 13. Pp. 209–221. (In Russ.)
6. Greenwood M. J. Migration and Labor Market Opportunities / M. M. Fischer, P. Nijkamp (Eds.), Handbook of Regional Science. Berlin: Springer, 2013. Pp. 3–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23430-9_5.
7. Litwak E., Longino C. F. Migration Patterns Among the Elderly: A Developmental Perspective. The Gerontologist. 1987. Vol. 27. No. 3. Pp. 266–272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/27.3.266.
8. Serow W. J. Demographic and Socioeconomic Aspects of Elderly Migration in the 1980s. Journal of Aging & Social Policy. 1996. Vol. 8. No. 1. Pp. 19–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/j031v08n01_04.
9. Baldassar L., Baldock C. V., Wilding R. Families Caring Across Borders: Migration, Ageing and Transnational Caregiving. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. 259 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230626263.
10. Zechner M. Care of Older Persons in Transnational Settings. Journal of Aging Studies. 2008. Vol. 22. No. 1. Pp. 32–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2007.02.002.
11. Wilding R., Baldassar L. Ageing, Migration and New Media: The Significance of Transnational Care. Journal of Sociology. 2018. Vol. 54. No. 2. Pp. 226–235. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783318766168.
12. Baldassar L., Wilding R. Migration, Aging, and Digital Kinning: The Role of Distant Care Support Networks in Experiences of Aging Well. The Gerontologist. 2019. Vol. 60. No. 2. Pp. 313–321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz156.
13. Klok J., van Tilburg T. G., Suanet B., Fokkema T., Huisman M. National and Transnational Belonging among Turkish and Moroccan Older Migrants in the Netherlands: Protective against Loneliness? European Journal of Ageing. 2017. Vol. 14. No. 4. Pp. 341–351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-017-0420-9.
14. Snel E., Burgers J., Leerkes A. Class Position of Immigrant Workers in a Post-Industrial Economy: The Dutch Case. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2007. Vol. 33. No. 8. Pp. 1323–1342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830701614106.
15. Klokgieters S. S., van Tilburg T. G., Deeg D. J. H., Huisman M. The Linkage Between Aging, Migration, and Resilience: Resilience in the Life of Older Turkish and Moroccan Immigrants. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. 2019. Vol. 75. No. 5. Pp. 1113–1123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz024.
16. Garcia M. A., Reyes A. M., Downer B., Saenz J. L., Samper-Ternent R. A., Raji M. Age of Migration, and the Incidence of Cognitive Impairment: A Cohort Study of Elder Mexican Americans. Innovation in Aging. 2017. Vol. 1. No. 3. Pp. 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx037.
17. Holecki T., Rogalska A., Sobczyk K., Woźniak-Holecka J., Romaniuk P. Global Elderly Migrations and Their Impact on Health Care Systems. Frontiers in Public Health. 2020. Vol. 8. Pp. 1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00386.
18. Zaiceva A. The Impact of Aging on the Scale of Migration. IZA World of Labor. 2014. Vol. 99. 1 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.99.
19. Pennington J. Moving on: Migration Trends in Later Life. London: Institute for Public Policy Research, 2013. 22 p.
20. Pannell J., Aldridge H., Kenway P. Market Assessment of Housing Options for Older People: A report for Shelter and the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. London: New Policy Institute, 2012. 90 p.
21. World Bank; International Monetary Fund. Global Monitoring Report 2015/2016: Development Goals in an Era of Demographic Change. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2016. 283 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0669-8.
22. Ploskikh E. V., Kudaykulova Sh. Kh. Peculiarities of Classical Demographic Transition Theory. Vestnik KRSU. 2014. Vol. 14. No. 6. Pp. 104–108. (In Russ.)
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24. Laslett P. The Third Age, The Fourth Age and The Future. Ageing and Society. 1994. Vol. 14. No. 3. Pp. 436–447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00001677.
25. Chevan A. Holding On and Letting Go: Residential Mobility During Widowhood. Research on Aging. 1995. Vol. 17. No. 3. Pp. 278–302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027595173003.
26. Milewski N., Loth A. Residential Mobility in the Second Half of Life: The Role of Family-Related Transitions and Retirement / Aybek C., Huinink J., Muttarak R. (eds.) Spatial Mobility, Migration, and Living Arrangements. Berlin: Springer, 2015. Pp. 225–246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10021-0_11.
27. Nielsen S. S., Krasnik A. Poorer Self-Perceived Health among Migrants and Ethnic Minorities Versus the Majority Population in Europe: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Public Health. 2010. Vol. 55. No. 5. Pp. 357–371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-010-0145-4.
28. Gnevasheva V. A. Modern Features of the Labor Market: Prerequisites for State Regulation. Economics: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. 2020. Vol. 10. No. 6–1. Pp. 139–149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34670/AR.2020.71.57.017. (In Russ.)
29. Ryazantsev S. V. New Depopulation in Russia: New Challenges and Ways to Neutralize. Chelovek i yego tsennosti v sovremennom mire [People and their values in the modern world]: Materials of the XI International Scientific and Practical Conference, Chita, 23-28 September 2019 / Transbaikal State University; [ex. ed. Erdineeva K. G.]. Chita: ZabGU, 2019. Pp. 8-16. (In Russ.)
30. Kaneda T., Lee M., Pollard K. SCL/PRB Index of Well-Being in Older Populations: Final Report. Global Aging and Monitoring Project. Washington: Population Reference Bureau, 2011. 57 p.
31. Kontseptsiya politiki aktivnogo dolgoletiya [The concept of the policy of active aging]: Scientific and methodological report to the XXI April International Scientific Conference on the Problems of Economic and Social Development, Moscow, 2020 / L. N. Ovcharova, M. A. Morozova, O. V. Sinyavskaya (eds.); National Research University Higher School of Economics. – M.: Publishing House of the Higher School of Economics, 2020. 40 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17323/978-5-7598-2173-1. (In Russ.)
Article
Received: 30.07.2021
Accepted: 06.12.2021
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APA
Nioradze, G. V. (2021). International Migration of the Older Generation: Global and Russian Trends. DEMIS. Demographic Research, 1(4), 43-58. https://doi.org/10.19181/demis.2021.1.4.4
Section
Economic Demography
