Socio-Economic Consequences of Vietnamese Return Migration from Japan
Research Article
How to Cite
Hoang Anh T., Phan The C. Socio-Economic Consequences of Vietnamese Return Migration from Japan. DEMIS. Demographic Research. 2022. Vol. 2. No. 1. P. 94–115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/demis.2022.2.1.8
Abstract
This paper starts with building a theoretical framework related to the determinants of migration and the phenomenon of return migration. The dynamic process of development and global economic integration are considered the main driver of migration. Return migration is understood as eminent expertise abroad wherever the migrant accomplished the goals of gaining higher financial gain, upper level of education, new skills, foreign work experience, acquaintance with new values and attitudes. Then the article proceeds to reviewing migration links between Japan and Vietnam. Japan is the country that receives the most Vietnamese workers after Taiwan. Also, the number of Vietnamese studying in Japan has sharply risen recently, making Viet Nam the second largest exporter of students to Japan behind China. The results of a survey conducted by the authors revealed that return migrants from Japan have obtained additional degrees and qualifications abroad. In addition, there is a significant improvement in wages and income depending on their employment sector. The highest income group is people working for Japanese companies, followed by a group of those working for private companies and non-governmental organizations, the lowest increase in incomes is observed in the state sector. Furthermore, the returnees believe that their economic conditions have improved, as they have got a better salary and job position than before going abroad, so their lives become wealthier than before.
Keywords:
international migration, return migration, economics opportunity, Vietnam, Japan
References
1. Viet Nam Migration Profile 2016. Ha Noi: International Organization for Migration, 2017. 116 p. Reference No. ENG0542. URL: https://publications.iom.int/books/viet-nam-migration-profile-2016.
2. Hoang Anh Tuan. The Impact of International Migration and Remittances on Household Income in Vietnam: An Analysis of the Application of a New Data Set on “Vietnam Household Survey on International Migration in 2009”. Journal of Human and Socio-Environmental Studies. 2019. Vol. 37. No 3. Pp. 37–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24517/00054187.
3. Co C. Y., Gang I. N., Yun M.-S. Returns to Returning. Journal of Population Economics. 2000. Vol. 13. No. 1. Pp. 57–79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001480050123.
4. Dustmann C., Weiss, Y. Return Migration: Theory and Empirical Evidence from the UK. British Journal of Industrial Relations. 2007. Vol. 45. No. 2. Pp. 236–256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2007.00613.x.
5. Sjaastad L. A. The Costs and Returns of Human Migration. Journal of Political Economy. 1962. Vol. 70. No. 5. Pp. 80–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/258726.
6. Weeks J. R. Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2008. 610 p. ISBN: 0-495-09637-7.
7. International Organization for Migration. International Migration Law No. 34. Glossary on Migration. Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2019. 236 p. ISSN: 1813-2278.
8. Todaro M. P. A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries. The American Economic Review. 1969. Vol. 59. No. 1. Pp. 138–148.
9. Cassarino J. P. Theorising Return Migration: The Conceptual Approach to Return Migrants Revisited. International Journal on Multicultural Societies. 2004. Vol. 6. No. 2. Pp. 253–279.
10. Smith A. The Wealth of Nations. California: Createspace, 2018. 524 p. ISBN: 1505577128.
11. Ravenstein E. G. The Laws of Migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 1889. Vol. 52. No. 2. Pp. 241–305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2979333.
12. Hicks J. R. The Theory of Wages. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. 388 p. ISBN: 978-1-349-00191-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-00189-7.
13. Zimmermann K. F. European Migration: Push and Pull. International Regional Science Review. 1996. Vol. 19. No. 1–2. Pp. 95–128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/016001769601900211.
14. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). Migration Patterns and Policies in the Asian and Pacific Region. New York: United Nations, 2003. 95 p. ISBN: 9211203309.
15. Bröcker J., Herrmann H. Spatial Change and Interregional Flows in the Integrating Europe. Berlin: Physica-Verlag Heidelberg, 2001. 270 p. ISBN: 978-3-7908-1344-9.
16. Katz E., Stark O. Labor Migration and Risk Aversion in Less Developed Countries. Journal of Labor Economics. 1986. Vol. 4. No. 1. Pp. 134–149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/298097.
17. Zelinsky W. The Hypothesis of the Mobility Transition. Geographical Review. 1971. Vol. 61. No. 2. Pp. 219–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/213996.
18. Haas H. de. Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective. International Migration Review. 2010. Vol. 44. No. 1. Pp. 227–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.x.
19. Conley J. P., Konishi H. Migration-Proof Tiebout Equilibrium: Existence and Asymptotic Efficiency. Journal of Public Economics. 2002. Pp. 243–262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00082-2.
20. Stark O. The Migration of Labor. Hoboken: Blackwell Publishing, 1991. 406 p. ISBN: 1557860300.
21. Jeffery L., Murison J. The Temporal, Social, Spatial, and Legal Dimensions of Return and Onward Migration. Population, Space Place. 2011. Vol. 17. No. 2. Pp. 131–139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.606.
22. Mesnard A. Temporary Migration and Capital Market Imperfections. Oxford Economic Papers. 2004. Vol. 56. No. 2. Pp. 242–262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpf042.
23. Ammassari S., Black R. Harnessing the Potential of Migration and Return to Promote Development. Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2001. 58 p. ISBN: 9789213629970. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18356/e702d9a1-en.
24. Ferro A., Fullin G., Fellini I., Hunger U. The Political Economy of Labour Migration in the European Construction Sector. IMIS-Beiträge. 2004. No. 25. Pp. 179–200.
25. Wilson F. D. Migration and Occupational Mobility: A Research Note. International Migration Review. 1985. Vol. 19. No. 2. Pp. 278–292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838501900204.
26. Ardovino M., Brown M. A Brief Literature Review on the Impact of Circular Migration: Brain Gain, Social Capital and Transnational Networks on International Development. Washington: US Agency for International Development, 2008. 16 p.
27. Gmelch G. Return Migration. Annual Review of Anthropology. 1980. Vol. 9. Pp. 135–159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.001031.
2. Hoang Anh Tuan. The Impact of International Migration and Remittances on Household Income in Vietnam: An Analysis of the Application of a New Data Set on “Vietnam Household Survey on International Migration in 2009”. Journal of Human and Socio-Environmental Studies. 2019. Vol. 37. No 3. Pp. 37–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24517/00054187.
3. Co C. Y., Gang I. N., Yun M.-S. Returns to Returning. Journal of Population Economics. 2000. Vol. 13. No. 1. Pp. 57–79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001480050123.
4. Dustmann C., Weiss, Y. Return Migration: Theory and Empirical Evidence from the UK. British Journal of Industrial Relations. 2007. Vol. 45. No. 2. Pp. 236–256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2007.00613.x.
5. Sjaastad L. A. The Costs and Returns of Human Migration. Journal of Political Economy. 1962. Vol. 70. No. 5. Pp. 80–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/258726.
6. Weeks J. R. Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2008. 610 p. ISBN: 0-495-09637-7.
7. International Organization for Migration. International Migration Law No. 34. Glossary on Migration. Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2019. 236 p. ISSN: 1813-2278.
8. Todaro M. P. A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries. The American Economic Review. 1969. Vol. 59. No. 1. Pp. 138–148.
9. Cassarino J. P. Theorising Return Migration: The Conceptual Approach to Return Migrants Revisited. International Journal on Multicultural Societies. 2004. Vol. 6. No. 2. Pp. 253–279.
10. Smith A. The Wealth of Nations. California: Createspace, 2018. 524 p. ISBN: 1505577128.
11. Ravenstein E. G. The Laws of Migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 1889. Vol. 52. No. 2. Pp. 241–305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2979333.
12. Hicks J. R. The Theory of Wages. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. 388 p. ISBN: 978-1-349-00191-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-00189-7.
13. Zimmermann K. F. European Migration: Push and Pull. International Regional Science Review. 1996. Vol. 19. No. 1–2. Pp. 95–128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/016001769601900211.
14. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). Migration Patterns and Policies in the Asian and Pacific Region. New York: United Nations, 2003. 95 p. ISBN: 9211203309.
15. Bröcker J., Herrmann H. Spatial Change and Interregional Flows in the Integrating Europe. Berlin: Physica-Verlag Heidelberg, 2001. 270 p. ISBN: 978-3-7908-1344-9.
16. Katz E., Stark O. Labor Migration and Risk Aversion in Less Developed Countries. Journal of Labor Economics. 1986. Vol. 4. No. 1. Pp. 134–149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/298097.
17. Zelinsky W. The Hypothesis of the Mobility Transition. Geographical Review. 1971. Vol. 61. No. 2. Pp. 219–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/213996.
18. Haas H. de. Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective. International Migration Review. 2010. Vol. 44. No. 1. Pp. 227–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.x.
19. Conley J. P., Konishi H. Migration-Proof Tiebout Equilibrium: Existence and Asymptotic Efficiency. Journal of Public Economics. 2002. Pp. 243–262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00082-2.
20. Stark O. The Migration of Labor. Hoboken: Blackwell Publishing, 1991. 406 p. ISBN: 1557860300.
21. Jeffery L., Murison J. The Temporal, Social, Spatial, and Legal Dimensions of Return and Onward Migration. Population, Space Place. 2011. Vol. 17. No. 2. Pp. 131–139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.606.
22. Mesnard A. Temporary Migration and Capital Market Imperfections. Oxford Economic Papers. 2004. Vol. 56. No. 2. Pp. 242–262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpf042.
23. Ammassari S., Black R. Harnessing the Potential of Migration and Return to Promote Development. Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2001. 58 p. ISBN: 9789213629970. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18356/e702d9a1-en.
24. Ferro A., Fullin G., Fellini I., Hunger U. The Political Economy of Labour Migration in the European Construction Sector. IMIS-Beiträge. 2004. No. 25. Pp. 179–200.
25. Wilson F. D. Migration and Occupational Mobility: A Research Note. International Migration Review. 1985. Vol. 19. No. 2. Pp. 278–292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838501900204.
26. Ardovino M., Brown M. A Brief Literature Review on the Impact of Circular Migration: Brain Gain, Social Capital and Transnational Networks on International Development. Washington: US Agency for International Development, 2008. 16 p.
27. Gmelch G. Return Migration. Annual Review of Anthropology. 1980. Vol. 9. Pp. 135–159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.001031.
Article
Received: 15.11.2021
Accepted: 28.02.2022
Citation Formats
Other cite formats:
APA
Hoang Anh, T., & Phan The, C. (2022). Socio-Economic Consequences of Vietnamese Return Migration from Japan. DEMIS. Demographic Research, 2(1), 94–115. https://doi.org/10.19181/demis.2022.2.1.8
Section
Economic Demography
